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Universidad Ricardo Palma

PregradoFacultad de IngenieríaEscuelasIngeniería ElectrónicaProyectos Estudiantiles
(*) Proyectos ganadores
Taller de Electrónica Básica

En este proyecto hemos realizado una alarma antirrobo, con circuitos de proximidad y sonoros.

Los resultados principales fueron que el sensor de proximidad al momento en el que una persona se acerca se activa y hace prender los leds, luego cuando la persona abre la tapa se activa la alarma de sonido y esto ahuyentara a esa persona que quiera tomar nuestros objetos importantes.

Esta alarma nos servirá para proteger y evitar la pérdida de objetos importantes y ahuyentar a la persona. 

Construimos una alarma usando el láser como emisor de luz y una foto-resistencia como receptor. Para que cuando la luz llegue a la foto-resistencia, este no permita que sea active la alarma, pero cuando haya cualquier interrupción entre el emisor de luz y el receptor se activará el sistema de alarma, hasta que se apague completamente el circuito. Para su funcionamiento se requiere de 2 fuentes de alimentación: una de 3V y otra de 9V.
Taller de Electrónica I
El presente artículo muestra el diseño e implementación de un robot móvil seguidor de línea, producto del desarrollo de la práctica de laboratorio correspondiente a la asignatura de Taller 1 del quinto semestre académico del Programa de Ingeniería Electrónica de la Universidad Ricardo Palma. El objetivo general del proyecto final es identificar y aprender la importancia del desarrollo de aplicaciones basadas en circuitos digitales programables PLD, abordando los conceptos de Lenguaje de Descripción de Hardware VHDL y herramientas de desarrollo como ISPLever Starter de la empresa Lattice Semiconductors. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron desarrollar habilidades para el diseño de aplicaciones basadas en lógica combinacional para una aplicación en particular del área de Robótica, y además comprender las ventajas con respecto a la implementación de aplicaciones digitales utilizando circuitos digitales cableados convencionales. El dispositivo lógico programable utilizado para el control del robot móvil fue la GAL22V10, el sensor CNY70 fue utilizado para la detección de línea.
Taller de Electrónica II
El siguiente proyecto consistió en elaborar un sistema capaz de medir el nivel de agua de un recipiente cualquiera, orientado a ser una opción de reemplazo a la válvula de llenado de un tanque elevado o cisterna, la cual suele tener problemas al cerrar el flujo de agua proveniente del suministro.
Para realizar este proyecto fuimos a la base aérea las palmas para pedir información a los técnicos y saber qué cosa seria productivo para la Fuerza Aérea del Perú. Con la información obtenida hicimos sensores para una cabina de avión en pleno vuelo. Elegimos cuatro sensores, sensor de combustible, sensor de gas metano, sensor de obstáculos sin movimiento y sensor de temperatura. Usamos estos sensores porque sería de mucha importancia para el piloto cuando este en pleno vuelo y sepa cuáles son las condiciones de vuelo de su aeronave, también porque la mayoría de accidentes es por causa de algún peligro que estos sensores puedan detectar.
Taller de Electrónica III
Este proyecto tiene como objetivo el control de acceso a un ambiente mediante reconocimiento facial usando para esto el Raspberry pi 3 b+, el cual mediante la librería OpenCV y extensiones XML de clasificadores podra reconocer el rostro previamente entrenado y configurado con el clasificador haard cascada luego de esto al detectar el rostro ya guardado con un cierto porcentaje de confiabilidad este manara la señal al relé para que este pueda abrir la chapa eléctrica. La metodología se basa en que el clasificador y el programa trata de reconocer el rostro a tal punto que pueda saber si es o no la persona previamente configurada en la base de datos (cantidad N de fotos tomadas con la camara)creada por esta misma.
Con la cuantiosa cantidad de automóviles, su creciente demanda y el deficiente sistema de almacenamiento/estacionamiento de estos, nos da como resultado la generación de tráfico vehicular al buscar, esperar y salir de un estacionamiento, poseemos grandes áreas con espacios desperdiciados debido a su destinación a la movilidad del vehículo además de la contribución a la contaminación ambiental debido al uso del vehículo. El siguiente informe propone el desarrollo de un sistema mecánico que permita el estacionamiento automatizado de vehículos, ayudando al ahorro de espacios, otorgando facilidades al conductor, todo esto con el vehículo apagado, colaborando así con el cuidado medio ambiental. 
Las pruebas realizadas demuestran que el sistema es completamente funcional para aplicar en un flujo moderado de autos (no masivo) debido al dinamismo al ser cada bloque “independiente”, debemos mencionar también que para la implementación real del sistema entero, se necesita un estudio más amplio en lo referente a los motores, los materiales para las estructuras y la potencia necesaria para el sistema entero.
Taller de Electrónica IV
The ignorance about air pollution today is an alarming issue that can put our health at risk. Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the highly polluting and harmful to health gases. CO is found in the smoke from the combustion of cars, stoves, gas stoves and heating appliances. This can accumulate in rooms with poor air circulation. For this reason, the solution to implement a carbon monoxide (CO) measurement system in real time is being presented, giving the user the possibility to be warned of an area with high concentration of CO, through an alarm produced by the mobile application. . 
To make the acquisition of data on the CO concentration, the MQ7 gas sensor is used, this signal has a digital conversion through the ATMEGA328p microcontroller. The MQ7 sensor sends the data to the microcontroller1 which communicates wirelessly with the microcontroller 2 via the XBee SC2 devices using the Zigbee protocol. The microcontroller2 sends the information to the Smartphone via Bluetooth in real time.
Finally, it can be viewed through an application developed in MIT App Inventor that works in the Android operating system. The measured CO concentration levels are expressed in parts per million (ppm). In addition, there is a traffic light display (green, blue and red), with low green concentration, medium blue concentration and high red concentration. Taking into account the safety of the user, the application was developed to emit an audible alarm if a high concentration is detected, likewise the application continues working in the background.

El análisis del factor de calidad de un producto alimenticio en el Perú presenta problemas para determinar las diferentes características que indiquen si el producto se encuentre en buen estado. Este problema genera muchas pérdidas económicas en la exportación del fruto debido al incumplimiento de estándares internacionales que permitan competir a la par con productos extranjeros.  
Ante esta problemática se buscó desarrollar un prototipo basado en el procesamiento de imágenes para determinar el factor de calidad de la fruta, en este caso se utilizará la manzana Israel, el análisis se hará mediante la captura de imagen que analizará diferentes características que posee la fruta, de las cuales se tendrá en cuenta su color promedio y el tamaño de la fruta como indican las normas códex de la fruta analizada.
El objetivo del proyecto es desarrollar un prototipo para la clasificación de la manzana Israel para el cumplimiento de los estándares de su exportación. El prototipo emplea el sistema embebido Raspberry Pi b3+ que con ayuda de la librería OpenCV y el uso de una cámara pi hacen factible la clasificación del producto. Se pretende realizar que el prototipo sea en principio un instrumento de apoyo en pequeñas empresas dedicadas al rubro de exportación de la manzana y de resultar útil sea un equipo de apoyo para empresas de exportación más grandes.
Circuitos y Sistemas / Circuits and Systems

This project is a prototype that works thanks to four sensors stage, an audio generator stage, a switching stage, and another stage of single amplifiers for each earphone which generates an audio signal established by a protocol of sounds.

This singular protocol has variables like amplitude, frequency and continuity of the audio signal. Each sensor is made off a transmitter whit its receptor of infrared signal. Once we have developed the sensor, we proceed to calibrate it until reaching the desired range. The audio generator stage is an astable oscillator that changes its frequency depending on the signal that is received by the sensors. The switching stage has been designed by a transistor that works as a switch, working in the cut and saturation state. The amplifiers are designed for little signals generating two levels of amplitude adequate to the human ear.

The first zone includes frontal sensors to detect obstacles and regulates the signal frequency for the sound in both headphones depending of the distance of the obstacles.

The second zone includes surface sensors; these generate a change in the signal amplitude in the sound for headphones in two values, a high one, and a low one, it depending on whether or not there is a vacuum in the surface.

The third and fourth zone includes lateral obstacle's sensor calibrated at an especific distance that modifies the audio signal corresponding to each headphone in an independent way between two levels, a continuous and a discontinuous one.

A significant part of the production of potatoes is exported to the European Union and the United States. The quality is fundamental for the maintenance and the expansion from this market to others. It also constitutes a trouble at the moment of finalizing business agreements with foreign clients or with theirs intermediaries. During the maritime transport there is a partial deterioration and in some cases total deterioration of the quality, it happens fundamentally because of the wrong way of refrigeration of our Peruvian treasure. This project is about the design of the compensating which could establish an ideal temperature for the conservation of its quality during the transport implemented in a FPGA Virtex II PRO.And the implementation of the filter of Kalman to estimate the temperature.
Microcontroller technology now gives us the range of work for many important aspects of the industry. 
The present project is based on a modern and effective security System for a house. First for Electronic locks programmed PIC 16F876 specifically, for an entry with keypad (password) display LCD (KPS) and Monitoring in a control room of each door (electronic switch) which can be located in the main room for example (with LCD display in its own graph.) Then you are asked to enter your voice to an outside intercom (VRS) which check the identity of the owner. Revenues will be recorded in a PC database. When the owner sees fit on the keyboard activates the action of NO ONE HOME. Then implies that each payment to the address will be sent to your mobile phone SMS using wireless communication to report directly to the record of income or in extreme cases forced income (theft).
Radio frequency identification (RFID), which was developed during World War II, is a technology that provides wireless identification and tracking capability and is more robust than the bar code. From Electronic Article Surveillance (EAS) for article (mainly clothing) security to more sophisticated uses, RFID is seen by some as the inevitable replacement for bar codes. 
With increasing use comes increasing concern on privacy and security. Clearly there is considerable work to be undertaken before RFID becomes as pervasive as bar codes although the tempo of change is increasing rapidly.
This work is based on the design and construction of a cascode differential amplifier type 1 will be held on a particular circuit design that meets the requirements requested by the project. We used the tools necessary to find a solution, after making the calculations, we get values of each of the components needed to build the amplifier, which will be designed and simulated in Multisim software. Once the design and after verifying proper operation, the circuit was implemented on a breadboard, to corroborate experimentally the results theoretically, in a way that meets the requirements established for its operation. The cascade amplifier has a good bandwidth, too.
The power amplifiers in a sound system will be responsible for increasing the input to a certain level at which the speaker can play audio in a space with adequate sound pressure. When these spaces are wide, it takes a lot of pressure and this requires a high power, which should be given to the speaker without causing a variation in the pattern of the input signal. To achieve this goal is mainly used this concept: a suitable configuration, also called topology. The audio power amplifiers are mostly being built under the AB topology, achieving maximum theoretical efficiency of 78.5%. This paper presents an analysis of an MOS power amplifier designed under this topology, showing characteristics, quality measures and indices, resulting in an efficient audio amplifier. This work was realized as open ended problem project.
This project proposes the recycling and reuse of wastewater from industrial processes, separating the solid components of the chemical form of water initially and then filtered to obtain a reusable product of treated water.
In the presented research, it is described an analog sensed system to analyze the development of microorganisms in specified environments. This project is implemented using Arduino Board linked with Matlab simulation software in a computer. Information about the development of microorganisms, temperature and illumination of their environment, relative humidity, analog sensors and its programming; are referenced in this document. Finally, there are exposed and analyzed the experimented results and its simulation.
This is a prototype system that allows the blind person associating colors to musical notes upon the capacity of synesthesia, replacing the lack of visual perception with the sense of hearing and recognizing these senses as elements cooperating with each other. This prototype works through four stages, a stage that uses a sensor that performs the recognition of color, a conditioning step of the physical variable color and comparing the voltage signal, a processing stage, and finally the stage Audio and amplification, where the signal is associated with a specific musical note according to a logical protocol (sound), allowing a blind person perception abilities increase and improve their quality of life.
In this work we find the solution of the equation of a stationary wave by the methods learn in the course of Numeric Methods. 
We applied Newton´s Method to find the solution of the equation and we find that because of the periodic nature of the given wave equation we have infinite solutions, being the lower value the fundamental and most important solution.
We corroborate the found answer applying the secant method and obtaining the same results.
After we obtain the answer by the methods mentioned before we realize that the answer repeats it itself by adding λ*n, where n is a discrete number and λ is the wavelength of the stationary sea wave, which is quite logical because it is a periodic function. This work was realized as open ended problem project.
Control y Robótica / Control and Robotics
This project will consist mainly of analog processing – digital for myoelectric processing. Emphasizing the design of analog filters of high selectivity allowing the myoelectric signal conditioning, this thanks to the application of theories to cascade filters. Getting the design of myoelectric signals for noise-free digital processing. This will be primarily the feedback signal of a slave robot. 
Once the myoelectric signal picked specific areas of the human body, in this case, the human arm. Begin to discriminate signals from the muscles of the patient with the use of signal processing. The microcontroller will use digital processing algorithm, which will have digital filters or filter banks, allowing a synthesis of the EMG signal. This will be its main objective, which will result in the development of robotic prostheses for people with physical disabilities.
As a result of this research provides a comprehensive approach to electronics applications. In this sense, it proceeds to the demonstration of a widespread application that is robotic prostheses for people with physical disability as mentioned. The portability of the product will be the key for easy transport of equipment or complete system which is primarily analog and discrete systems as well as EMG sensors with a differential amplification with a high rate of rejection of common mode, noise in this case. Since the myoelectric signals emanate from the muscles, the crosstalk of the muscles will be in any location of the sensor, that's what to avoid as little as possible is important to use smaller sensors with the distance separating the conductive electrodes.
The 5 degrees of freedom robot is a generic product which allows the flexibility to use other types of more complex robots which according to its complexity is proportional to the final cost. 
The project consist to control a robotic arm that have 5 degrees of freedom using a mechanical adaptable system to a human arm as a control system so getting this robot comes to replicating the position of the joints that have the human arm. Using analog signals to digital module of Microcontrollers for reading the rotational motion sensors built into the mechanical system attached to the human arm.  
Nowadays, the management of robotic systems using adaptable mechanisms to any body’s part is being driven for applications in diverse areas like electronics, biomedical and surgical systems for robotic tele-controlled electronic systems and the supervision of a appropriate personnel. On the other hand, the industry where materials are manipulated objects or repetitive tasks which earlier, in previous decades, was done by human labor, have been replaced by robotic systems, which are sufficient to perform functions that require manipulation objects with a precision-autonomously certainty that a common man cannot do on their own. Resulting in a new perspective on the industry, improved efficiency in production is the development of information technologies and communication technologies (ICTs) have allowed these areas to expand without limits, thus facilitating the user is achieved as well as quality of life for this. A clear example that we can perceive are the systems which can be handled remotely via any communication system or radio frequency remote access.
This inspired the presentation of the project in this article which has as its primary mission to foster and promote the development of this area so that Peru has research centers to create and market innate technology at a lower cost.
Demonstrate that the project focused in the area of robotics is not only exclusive to developed countries. 
The next project is a two-dimensional positioning system of a vehicle. It is based on the usage of infrared sensors to detect and map the obstacles around it and thus to store in system memory a map of the surrounding area. 
For this purpose, working with the variables angle and distance is needed and to acquire the required information from these , a number of infrared sensors which are above the vehicle are used, as well as the ability to rotate them to face different directions.
All variables must be processed in the control system which will be managed by a microcontroller, because of its great capacity to manage these information besides having the control system memory.
The project consist to control a robotic arm that have 5 degrees of freedom using a mechanical adaptable system to a human arm as a control system so getting this robot comes to replicating the position of the joints that have the human arm. Using analog signals to digital module of Microcontrollers for reading the rotational motion sensors built into the mechanical system attached to the human arm. 
Nowadays, the management of robotic systems using adaptable mechanisms to any body's part is being driven for applications in diverse areas like electronics, biomedical and surgical systems for robotic tele-controlled electronic systems and the supervision of a appropriate personnel. On the other hand, the industry where materials are manipulated objects or repetitive tasks which earlier, in previous decades, was done by human labor, have been replaced by robotic systems, which are sufficient to perform functions that require manipulation objects with a precisionautonomously certainty that a common man cannot do on their own. Resulting in a new perspective on the industry, improved efficiency in production is the development of information technologies and communication technologies (ICTs) have allowed these areas to expand without limits, thus facilitating the user is achieved as well as quality of life for this. A clear example that we can perceive are the systems which can be handled remotely via any communication system or radio frequency remote access.
This inspired the presentation of the project in this article which has as its primary mission to foster and promote the development of this area so that Peru has research centers to create and market innate technology at a lower cost.
Demonstrate that the project focused in the area of robotics is not only exclusive to developed countries.
The work that we present below is about a topic of great importance to ourselves and especially for any industrial undertaking, which carries the name of automation. Also knowledge of their activities which is performed in an industrial, occupational profile, their source of employment and a number of things that help us understand this issue more to the issue of automation give us a much broader vision of what can this help a company because it will give in the same process of mechanization of industrial activities to reduce labor, streamline the work so will give the property that only few machines will perform operations automatically , for suggesting that a process will provide faster and more efficient.
Procesamiento Digital de Señales / Digital Signal Processing
Este proyecto consiste en la aplicación de la teoría de procesamiento digital de señales para el área de procesamiento en tiempo real. Utilizando los recursos actualmente usado en la industria electrónica los DSP será clave para la implementación del proyecto y verificación de los resultados con las simulaciones de forma analítica. La múltiples herramientas de medida como los analizadores de espectro tienen además otros formatos de mostrar sus resultados como veremos el espectrograma será de utilidad para observar el ancho de banda del filtro FIR. Además las múltiples opciones de programación que el mismo fabricante Texas Instruments brinda a sus usuarios para el desarrollo de aplicaciones en dispositivos procesador. Por último la grandes prestaciones de procesador de punto flotante como una herramienta poderosa evitar las desventajas de los procesadores punto fijo. Ahora bien el procesador implica un gasto extra de energía eléctrica pero brindando una alta performance para el procesamiento de audio. 
This work is based on the study of non-recursive and recursive digital band pass filters for an audio equalizer. The design of FIR (non-recursive) and IIR (recursive) filters were made following the design specifications for this application. To find the solution of this problem, first we will define the filter characteristics to find the respective coefficients for both types of filter. Then, we will deduce the expression of H(z) and the structure diagram of the filters with their correspondent coefficients. Next, we will deduce the expression of the difference equations that can be used for programing the algorithms for the simulation of the filters in a DSP microprocessor. Finally we will present the response of magnitude and phase of the designed filters complying with the required design characteristics. Whole design was simulated using the software Mathcad.
Telecomunicaciones / Telecommunications
This paper deals with the design of a Rural Telecommunications Network for populations in the basins of the rivers Paruro, Apurimac and Acomayo within Paruro and Acomayo provinces in the Cusco region, using CDMA, technology frequency of 450 MHz (CDMA 450 and above) including all the capabilities, benefits and services of third generation technology. 
The first chapter is focused on providing an overview of CDMA technology, with special emphasis on the use of the frequency of 450 MHz for the development of rural telecommunications systems in both Peru and the world.
The second chapter examines panoramically socioeconomic conditions and technical community to intervene.
The third chapter presents the design of the network, based on the requirements of the population and adapted to the geography of this area, using maps and specialized software.
The fourth chapter describes the economic aspects to take into account, i.e., the costs of design, implementation, operation and maintenance of the network.
The rural town of PIRCA is located in Lima at an altitude of 3255m. at latitude 11° 14' South and longitude 76° 39' West, with basic services of water and electricity but not telephone or Internet, which is why installing arises rural Internet service through a satellite earth station and from there to provide wireless Internet service to the community members, using devices to carry out this project.
This work shows the FM modulation and demodulation of three simultaneous musical tones using the software Matlab. The tones were DO, RE and FA. The waveforms are shown in the frequency and time domain. Besides the paper indicates the mathematical expressions of a FM modulated and demodulated wave.
Electrónica Médica / Medical Electronics
The project shows the plethysmographic waveform using an electronic device adapted to the toe, which we call the heart rate monitor. Shows the different stages of filtering used in the circuit to obtain the perfect plethysmographic waveform without any distortion that would be helpful to both doctor and patient have a clear and precise reading of that wave 
This paper describes the design and construction of an equipment to measure an ECG signal at low cost. It has been implemented without neglecting the requirements of electrical safety. By implementing analog filters for signal conditioning, it is worth noting that white noise is the factor that influences the final signal obtained.  
After then proceeds to digitize the signal and then display it on a monitor of a computer. Design and testing of an instrumentation amplifier to condition a signal voltage from the shunt biomedical 2 of an ECG (electrocardiogram).
Such amplifiers are most often used to amplify very small signals in the order of milivolts and even micro-volts and where the noise has an amplitude component of very large compared with the signal to be measured, as is the case an ECG signal that indicates the behavior of the heart. 
Capstone Projects
This project is an automated system controlled by computer vision, using hardware (light sensor, stepper motor control) and software (control by MATLAB). The basic principle of operation is to transport objects (red, green and blue) by a conveyor belt, a detecting sensor, image capture web camera and processed by MATLAB common to classify them in three different containers. This process achieved an efficient classification of objects in color and shape.
The control of the ball and beam is a horizontally balanced bar on which a ball must slide. The balance control is realized by a DC motor that rotates a few degrees one way or another as the need to compensate for the instability generated by the weight of the ball. This bar is attached at its center of gravity to the axis of the engine fast enough to spin the bar to be controlled by the feedback of system variables to determine the voltage to be applied to the motor.
This paper shows the design of a system for obtaining cardiac output by means of an electrocardiograph common to a computer network, with the possibility of transmission in real time, providing the medical data necessary for subsequent monitoring, obtaining a response at a distance for immediate diagnosis. 
The system consists of a main monitoring computer in which, after converting the heart signal from analog to digital by a data acquisition board, produces the capture, processing, storage, and publication on this website to a network of computers under the MySQL system. These computers were connected with the right doctor, thus monitoring and evolution of the cardiac signal.
This project is based on the theory of electromagnetic fields and high power circuits, to make a heater that works by magnetic fields through an air-core coil, which leads it to an alternating current and it will generate a variable field induced in the heart of this element by placing a conductive material within the core of the coil air heat generated within the material produced by eddy currents generated by the variable magnetic field which affects the material.
En la actualidad, el área de aplicación de las redes neuronales artificiales se ha extendido considerablemente. Esto se debe al avance tecnológico que permite desarrollar algoritmos más complejos, los que conlleva a la creación de nuevos tipos de redes neuronales artificiales, teniendo como resultado la especialización de estas redes para ciertas aplicaciones en concreto. Una de ellas son las llamadas redes neuronales convolucionales, que utilizan filtros de convolucion que les permiten detectar, reconocer y generalizar patrones y formas dentro de una imagen imitando a la corteza visual del cerebro, pudiéndole dar la capacidad de “ver” y reconocer objetos a una máquina, esto se le conoce como visión computacional o artificial. Esta capacidad que ahora se les puede dar a las máquinas ha sido explotada de distintas maneras, por ejemplo en sistemas de seguridad, control de calidad de productos, conducción autónoma de vehículos, detección temprana de enfermedades, etc. En el presente trabajo de investigación se utiliza la visión artificial como una alternativa para un sistema de detección y conteo de vehículos en un estacionamiento abierto.